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Experiments have been performed in a rapid compression machine (RCM), to investigate the conditions for and the origins of ‘knock’ in controlled autoignition (CAI), or homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI). Ignition in an RCM is the closest approach to that in a CAI engine without engendering the full complexity of reciprocating motion and fuel+air charge induction. As a representative fuel...
A visualization study on the effect of forcing amplitude in tone-excited jet diffusion flames has been conducted. Visualization techniques are employed using optical schemes, which are a light scattering photography. Flame stability curve is attained according to Reynolds number and forcing amplitude at a fuel tube resonant frequency. Flame behavior is globally grouped into two from attached flame...
Heteroatom-containing compounds in as-prepared and hydrotreated distillates produced from Tanito Harum coal were identified by the aid of gas chromatography with atomic emission detector (GC-AED) which can detect all the elements (C, H, N, S, O) contained in the molecules. Alkylated benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes were found to be the major sulfur compounds in the original fraction, all of them...
The dispersed particle solution model of petroleum residua structure was used to develop predictors for pyrolytic coke formation. Coking Indexes were developed in prior years that measure how near a pyrolysis system is to coke formation during the coke formation induction period. These have been demonstrated to be universally applicable for residua regardless of the source of the material. Coking...
H 2 S catalytic partial oxidation technology with an activated carbon catalyst was found to be a promising method for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from fuel cell hydrocarbon feedstocks. Three different fuel cell feedstocks were considered for analysis: sour natural gas, sour effluent from a liquid middle distillate fuel processor and a Texaco O 2 -blown coal-derived synthesis gas...
A skeletal and an augmented reduced mechanisms (ARM) describing the reburning process have been obtained. The full chemistry is taken from the detailed kinetic model of Glarborg et al. (1998) which consists of 438 elementary reactions and 65 chemical species. The mechanisms have been obtained by means of the application of sensitivity and reaction rate analysis, as well as the application of the quasi-steady-state...
The carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesised by the template carbonisation of polypyrrole on alumina membrane has been used as the support for Pt–WO 3 , Pt–Ru, and Pt. These materials have been used as the electrodes for methanol oxidation in acid medium in comparison with E-TEK 20wt% Pt and Pt–Ru on Vulcan XC72R carbon. The higher electrochemical surface of the carbon nanotube (as evaluated by cyclic...
An experimental study has been conducted with a fixed bed reactor to simulate, in a laboratory scale, industrial municipal waste incineration using moving grates. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and temperature measurements have been used to establish the importance of the operating parameters of a municipal waste incinerator in the characteristics of the combustion process. The observation of the...
A new image analysis technique has been developed which allows maceral analysis of coal to be carried out. The technique is able to separate the liptinite component from the background resin by using two separate images of the surface captured with different camera exposure times. At normal exposure, the liptinite has a similar grey scale value to the surrounding resin, but at a higher exposure time,...
This paper presents an analysis of the ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) for 17 Albanian coals. The contribution of oxides to AFTs is investigated by considering oxides from various perspectives: as discrete species, acids and bases, crystal components, fluxing agents, and cement constituents, and in accordance with the periodic table. Empirical correlations use simple and multiple linear equations and...
ZeTek Power recently introduced mass manufacturable and cost effective alkaline fuel cells on the market. Today's research is focused on further improvement both in terms of performance increase and cost reduction. This research is classically performed using small (4cm 2 ) experimental electrodes in the half-cell configuration. This allows the primary electrochemical losses in an anode or...
Surfactant–oil–water emulsions could have applications in enhanced oil recovery and the bio-desulfurization process applied to crude oil and some fractions. A simple way to prepare oil in water (O/W) emulsions is using a tank and an agitation device. The aim of this work is to propose a technology to prepare surfactant–fuel oil–water emulsions by means of a system involving a tank equipped with baffles,...
A sewage sludge sample from a wastewater treatment plant in China was pyrolysed in a fluidised-bed/fixed-bed reactor and in a fluidised-bed/tubular reactor. HCN was found to be the main NO x precursor, representing up to about 80% of the nitrogen present in the sludge. The thermal cracking of volatiles is the main route of HCN formation. NH 3 was also an important NO x precursor...
Cell performances were evaluated with grafted polymer membranes as an electrolyte for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The membranes were prepared using a poly(ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene), or ETFE, film. The base polymer film was added to sulfonic groups using γ-radiation activated grafting technique as ion-exchange groups. These membranes had more suitable properties for DMFCs, i.e. higher electric...
Carbon fiber paper (CFP) has many advantages to be used for fuel cell electrode. In this presentation, CFP was prepared from pitch-based carbon fiber through impregnation with resin, molding, and heat-treatment. Effects of heat-treatment on the properties and structure of resultant CFP were studied by means of electrical and mechanical property measurement, X-ray diffraction, and SEM. The results...
Attempt has been made to obtain the relationship between the electrophysical and electrochemical properties in order to provide a possible basis for designing new electrode materials for fuel cell applications. The substituted lanthanum cuprates of composition La 2−x M x Cu 1−y M′ y O 4 (where M=Sr, Ca and Ba; M′=Sb and Ru; 0.0≤x≤0.4 and y=0.1) were used to...
Perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes (PFSIs) were cast from Nafion ® propanol–water solutions of varying equivalent weights (950, 1100, and 1200Da) and all annealed at 100°C under vacuum. Sulfonate group surface concentration on the various membranes and its effect on the adsorption of a cationic polyacrylamide were investigated utilizing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The cationic...
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